of Sleep
It is less well appreciated that sleeping for too long a period also causes a "hang-over" the following day. Part of the explanation for this strange fact lies in the tasks the body perform while sleeping.
The sleeping brain is not a resting brain, but an active one. It may review information collected while awake, discarding unnecessary memories and clearing the way for the new day.
Sleep is divided into five stages. REM(rapid eye movement) sleep and NREM( non-rapid eye movement) sleep, which is further divided into 4 stages.
Delta sleep (Stage 3, 4) is the deep, restorative sleep time during which immune function is fortified and growth hormone is secreted. Hypnotic drugs typically increase time spent in Stage 2 sleep.
(3)Causes of Insomnia
Insomnia is diagnosed when an individual has measurable difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep.
There are many causes of insomnia, including stress,environmental changes (new surroundings, temperature,and noise), medical and psychiatric illness, medications,and substance use or abuse.
(4) By definition, transient insomnia lasts for a few days; short-term insomnia persists for up to three weeks, and chronic insomnia is diagnosed when insomnia continues for greater than three weeks.
Possible drug causes of insomnia : alcohol, caffeine, nicotine, appetite suppressants decongestants, antidepressants (fluoxetine, sertraline, bupropion, MAOIs), calcium channel blockers, corticosteroids, theophylline, dopamine agonists, thyroid medications.
(5) Pharmacologic Treatment
Ⅰ. Nonprescription Hypnotic Agents
(A) Antihistamines
diphenhydramine, doxylamine, hydroxyzine.
The most prominent disadvantage is the next-day "hang-over" effects of psychomotor Impairment and anticholinergic side effects that can be intolerable.
They typically are not effective for chronic insomnia because tolerance to the sleep-inducing effects often develops after one to two weeks of continuous use.
(B) Melatonin
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